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Letchworth, officially Letchworth Garden City, is a town in Hertfordshire, England, with a population of 33,600.^[1] It is a former civil parish, abolished on 31 March 2013.^[2]
The town's name is taken from one of the three villages it surrounded (the other two being Willian and Norton) – all of which featured in the Domesday Book. The land used was purchased by Quakers who had intended to farm the area and build a Quaker community. The town was laid out by Raymond Unwin as a demonstration of the principles established by Ebenezer Howard who sought to create an alternative to the industrial city by combining the best of town and country living. It is also home to the United Kingdom's first roundabout, which was built in 1909.^[3]

As one of the world's first new towns and the first garden city it had great influence on future town planning and the New towns movement; it influenced Welwyn Garden City, which used a similar approach and inspired other projects around the world including Canberra, the Australian capital, Hellerau, Germany, small village of Tapanila, Finland, and Mežaparks in Latvia.^[4]) There is a link to town planning in the Soviet Union Stalingrad through the architect Semionov and a curious, possible if improbable, account of Lenin visiting the town when he visited England for a congress of the Russian Bolshevik party, then banned in Russia,.^[5][6]

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The Circle of the Rhine^[1] (German: Rheinkreis) or Rhine Circle, sometimes the Bavarian Rheinkreis (bayerischer Rheinkreis or baierischer Rheinkreis), was the name given to the territory on the west bank of the Rhine from 1816 to 1837 which was one of 15 (later 8) administrative districts of the Kingdom of Bavaria. Before the French revolutionary wars (1792) most of the land had belonged to the Electoral Palatinate. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815 it was initially promised to the Empire of Austria after having been under a provisional joint Austro-Bavarian administration since 1814. However, in the Treaty of Munich (1816), Austria relinquished the territory to Bavaria.

In 1837, the Circle of the Rhine was renamed the Circle of Palatinate (Kreis Pfalz).^[2][3] It was also referred to in English as the Rhenish Palatinate (Rheinpfalz).^[4] The territory, which roughly corresponded to the present day county ofSaarpfalz-Kreis, remained Bavarian until 30 Aug 1946, with the exception of the area detached in 1920. It then became part of the newly formed federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate.

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