THE DURAND JIRGA, INC

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A jirga (occasionally jarga or jargah; Pashto: جرګه) is a traditional assembly of leaders that make decisions by consensus and according to the teachings of Islam. It predates modern-day written or fixed-laws and is conducted to settle disputes among the Pashtun people but to a lesser extent among other nearby groups that have been influenced by Pashtuns (historically known as Afghans). Its primary purpose has been to prevent tribal war. Most jirgas are conducted in Afghanistan but also among the Pashtun tribes in neighboring Pakistan, especially in Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK).


The Durand Line (Pashto: د ډیورنډ کرښه‎) is the 2,430-kilometre (1,510 mi) long boundary between Afghanistan and Pakistan. It was established in 1893 between Sir Mortimer Durand, a British diplomat and civil servant of British India, and Abdur Rahman Khan, the Afghan Amir, to fix the limit of their respective spheres of influence and improve diplomatic relations and trade. Afghanistan ceded various frontier areas to British India to prevent invasion of further areas of the country. Afghanistan was considered by the British as an independent princely state at the time, although the British controlled its foreign affairs and diplomatic relations.
The single-page agreement, dated 12 November 1893, contains seven short articles, including a commitment not to exercise interference beyond the Durand Line.^[1] A joint British-Afghan demarcation survey took place starting from 1894, covering some 800 miles of the border.^[2][3] The resulting line later established the "Great Game" buffer zone between British and Russian interests in the region.^[4] The line, as slightly modified by the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919, was inherited by Pakistan.


Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, GCMG KCSI KCIE (14 February 1850 – 8 June 1924) was a British diplomat and civil servant of colonial British India.
Born at Sehore, Bhopal, India, he was the son of Sir Henry Marion Durand, the Resident of Baroda and he was educated at Blackheath Proprietary School, and Tonbridge School.^[1]

Durand entered the Indian Civil Service in 1873. During the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880) he was Political Secretary at Kabul. From 1884 to 1894, he was Foreign Secretary of India. Durand was appointed Minister plenipotentiary at Tehran in 1894 although despite being a Persian scholar and speaking the language fluently he made little impression either in Tehran or on his superiors in London. He left in 1900 by which time owing to the illness of his wife Ella he had withdrawn from social life and the legation was in a depressed and disorganised state. From 1900 to 1903 he served as British Ambassador to Spain, and from 1903-1906 as Ambassador to the United States of America. He was appointed a CSI in 1881^[2] knighted a KCIE in 1888 and a KCSI in 1894^[3] and appointed a GCMG in 1900.^[4]


Major-General Sir Henry Marion Durand, KCSI CB (6 November 1812 – 1 January 1871) was a British Indian Army officer and colonial administrator.

After training at the East India Company's Military Seminary at Addiscombe (1827-8), Durand left Britain for India in 1829, arriving in May 1830. He served initially as Second Lieutenant in the Bengal Engineers. He attained the rank of Major-General, and served in the First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842), and the Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849). He also served as Commissioner of Tenasserim (1844–1846), as Resident of Gwalior (1849–1852), and Acting Resident of Baroda (March 1852 – March 1854). During the Indian Rebellion (1857–1858), he served as a military commander in western Malwa. Promoted to major-general,^[1] he served finally as Lieutenant-Governor of the Punjab (1 June 1870 – 1 January 1871).
Henry Marion Durand was one of two illegitimate sons of Major the Hon. Henry Percy and Mlle Marion Durand, a French woman he met while prisoner-of-war in the Napoleonic Wars. Percy became famous for bringing the news of the victory at Waterloo back to England. His son, Sir Henry Mortimer Durand, served in the Indian Civil Service and later in the British diplomatic service. He lived at Furness Lodge, East Sheen, Richmond.


Algernon Percy, 1st Earl of Beverley FSA (21 January 1750 – 21 October 1830), styled Lord Algernon Percy between 1766 and 1786 and known as The Lord Lovaine between 1786 and 1790, was a British peer.
Born Algernon Smithson, he was the second son of Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, and his wife, Lady Elizabeth Seymour, only daughter of Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset. He was the brother of Hugh Percy, 2nd Duke of Northumberland, and the half-brother of James Smithson. He was educated at Eton.


Hugh Percy, 1st Duke of Northumberland KG, PC (c. 1714 – 6 June 1786) was an English peer, landowner, and art patron.
He was born Hugh Smithson, the son of Langdale Smithson of Langdale, Yorkshire, and grandson of Sir Hugh Smithson, 3rd Baronet from whom he inherited the Smithson Baronetcy in 1733.
He changed his surname to Percy when he married Lady Elizabeth Seymour (1716-1776), daughter of Algernon Seymour, 7th Duke of Somerset, on 16 July 1740, through a private Act of Parliament.^[1] She was Baroness Percy in her own right, and indirect heiress of the Percy family, which was one of the leading landowning families of England, and had previously held the Earldom of Northumberland for several centuries. The title Earl of Northumberland passed by special remainder to Hugh Percy, as Elizabeth's husband, when her father died, who had been created 1st Earl of Northumberland in 1749. In 1766, the earl was created 1st Duke of Northumberland and was created Baron Lovaine on 28 June 1784, with a special remainder in favour of his younger son, Algernon. The Louvain family of Brabant, which married the Percy heiress, was the origin of the Percy family of England. Richard de Percy, 5th Baron Percy (c. 1170-1244) (who adopted the surname Percy), was the son of Joscelin of Louvain (1121–1180), styled "brother of the queen" (referring to Adeliza of Louvain, second wife of King Henry I of England, by his wife Agnes de Perci, suo jure Baroness Percy, the heiress of the Percy estates in England. He was created a Knight of the Order of the Garter in 1756 and a Privy Counsellor in 1762.

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